The emergence of different varieties of English worldwide Essay Example For Students

The emergence of different varieties of English worldwide Essay To cite the examples, consider wet (to water flowers), globe (electric bulb), buk (from book, meaning anything written), savi buk (from know book, meaning educated), environment (neighborhood) and bluff (to give an air of importance). A number of lexical items retain the old meaning but are no longer prevailing in Native English. One example is Dress (move at the end of a row for the sake of creating room for extra people) is the reserved meaning recorded by the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary to form in proper alignment. 3) Replacement: We will write a custom essay on The emergence of different varieties of English worldwide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Last but not lease, the final type of English colonial activity replacement will be identified in the forthcoming part. As mentioned, replacement is characterized by the phenomenon that a pre-colonial population is replaced by new labor from elsewhere, especially the slaves from West Africa (Leith 1996:181-2). In fact, there were so many pidgins and creoles thanks to the colonial activity. To make the picture clearer, the history of slave trade should be described firstly. Slave trade was originated in the mid sixteenth century when a man called Sir John Hawkins sold the captured slaves to Caribbean. After that, English started to send Africa slaves to south part of America, including Jamaica, in order to provide workforce or labors. The varieties therefore emerged as the consequence of connection amidst British and West African people attributed to colonization of America and Atlantic slave trade. In generality, majority of the English-based Creole were formed by the vocabulary of English-speaking sailors and settlers, together with many loanwords, loan transitions, grammatical patterns and so forth. According to Ligon, shipments of slaves were fetchd from several parts of Africa, who speak severall languages, and by that means, one of them understands not another (Ligon, 1647, p. 46). This statement implies the tactic that policy of the slave trader was to bring people of different language backgrounds together in the ships, to make it difficult to plot rebellion (Crystal, 1988, p. 235). If Crystal is correct, pidgin would be the only available communication among the slaves. As the time goes by, pidgin will develop as Creole and become a thoroughly functioning language. In fact, Jamaican Creole enjoys the highest status among various Creoles in the sense that it has the longest-standing literature and the media and artistic use. The Dictionary of Jamaican English (1967, 1980) was written to help standardize the spelling. It was in turn encouraged a fuller use of Creole by Jamaican writers (McArthur, T 2002). Here the citations of the vocabulary of Jamaican Creole will be listed. First, it has many words from other languages like pikni (small child) from Portuguese and ho senny ho (hows business? ) from Chinese. Moreover, there is reduplication in Jamaican Creole like poto-poto (very slimy or muddy) and fenky-fenky (very puny cowardly, fussy). Furthermore, in 18th century there was the presence of nautical terms in Jamaican speech. To cite the examples, berth (office), store (warehouse) and jacket (waistcoat). Conclusion: To conclude, there are many varieties of English around the world but they are commonly regarded as English since that is how their speakers firstly identify them, due to historical reasons (McAuthur, T 2002). In fact, the most significant factor contributing to these varieties is colonization. Three types of colonization, as mentioned above, generate different linguistic consequence and, at the end of the day, the New Englishes. Following this, scholar like David Graddol tries to estimate the future of English. Yet, the most crucial point is, English undoubtedly experiences the highest status in the world right now. .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .postImageUrl , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:hover , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:visited , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:active { border:0!important; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:active , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Emily Bronte present Heathcliff in the first seven chapters? EssayReferences: Edgar W. Schneider (2007) Postcolonial English: varieties around the world, The emergence of American English, New York: Cambridge University Press, 278-289. McArthur, T. (2002) The Oxford Guide to World English, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Leith, D and Jackson, L (2007) Chapter 2 The origins of English in Changing English, London: Routledge, The Open University. Leith, D, Graddol, D and Jackson, L (2007) Chapter 3 Modernity and English as a national language in Changing English, London: Routledge, The Open University. Leith, D, (2007) Chapter 4 English colonial to postcolonial in Changing English, London: Routledge, The Open University. Jenkins, J (2009) World Englishes A resource book for students, London and New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group.

Barbary Lion Facts and Figures

Barbary Lion Facts and Figures Name: Barbary Lion; also known as Panthera leo leo, the Atlas Lion and the Nubian Lion Habitat: Plains of northern Africa Historical Epoch: Late Pleistocene-Modern (500,000-100 years ago) Size and Weight: Up to seven feet long and 500 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; thick mane and fur About the Barbary Lion Tracking the evolutionary relationships of the various subspecies of modern lion (Panthera leo) can be a tricky affair. As far as paleontologists can tell, the Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo) evolved from a population of European Lions (Panthera leo europaea), which themselves descended from Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica), which are still extant, albeit in dwindling numbers, in modern-day India. Whatever its ultimate heritage, the Barbary Lion shares one dubious honor with most lion subspecies, having been wiped off the face of the earth by human encroachment and the dwindling of its once-expansive habitat. Like many other recently extinct mammals, the Barbary Lion has a distinctive historical pedigree. Medieval Britons had an especial fondness for this big cat; during the Middle Ages, Barbary Lions were kept in the menagerie at the Tower of London, and these big-maned beasts were star attractions at swanky British hotels. In the latter part of the 19th century, while the species was being hunted to extinction in northern Africa, Britains surviving Barbary Lions were transferred to zoos. In northern Africa, even in historical times, Barbary Lions were prized gifts, sometimes being offered in lieu of taxes to the ruling families of Morocco and Ethiopia. Today, in captivity, a few surviving lion subspecies harbor remnants of Barbary Lion genes, so it may yet be possible to selectively breed this big cat and reintroduce it into the wild, a program known as de-extinction. For example, researchers with the International Barbary Lion Project plan to recover DNA sequences from various mounted Barbary Lion specimens in natural history museums, and then compare these sequences with the DNA of living zoo lions, in order to see how much Barbary. so to speak, remains in these felines. Males and females with a high percentage of Barbary Lion DNA would then be selectively mated, as well as their descendants on down the lion, the ultimate goal being the birth of a Barbary Lion cub!

Company Proposal of Web Design for a Group of UK University Education Thesis

Company of Web Design for a Group of UK University Education Professional ( web applications) - Thesis Proposal Example The administrators have privileged rights allowing them to manage user accounts and information on the website. The admin is also responsible for holding various events advertised on the website. It is proposed that international students should make up the largest number of visitors to such websites. It is uneconomical for them to travel to obtain information about courses offered in universities. The website’s interface will therefore be available in several languages namely; Brazilian, Chinese, Russian and Arabic. This will assist non-English speakers access it more easily. For easy navigation through various pages on the site, it will have several simple menus on the home page. These are forum, services, programs, courses, ILTEST and contact us. The path name to various pages on the website will be visible on the URL in the address bar of the browser. To get the latest communication and information out to the users, the website has a newsflash banner. This will give information such as events recently held by the website’s administrator. The newsflash could also include new functionality added to the website by the admin and the top rated course on the website. Another key feature of the website’s interface will be the search box on the top right corner of the home page. Using SEO, users can type keywords in the search box and results will be courses they are looking for (LYNCH and HORTON, 1999). Besides the search engine optimized search box, the website will also feature advanced search functionality. Below is a snapshot of the advanced search functionality. The search box will yield all results that match the search phrase. However, the advanced search allows the user to specify various criteria for a search. The advanced search has three dropdown menus from which the user can filter the search results. The criteria for filtering is the course name, program (undergraduate, postgraduate, etc) and the university’s location in the